In this work of propaganda, the top right of the picture depicts men busy pulling down and smashing icons, while power is being handed from the dying King Henry VIII to his far more staunchly Protestant son Edward VI.Iconoclasm is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons. In the, the most significant episode of iconoclasm occurred in Egypt during the, when, based in his new capital of, instituted a significant shift in Egyptian artistic styles alongside a campaign of intolerance towards the traditional gods and a new emphasis on a state tradition, the Sun disk— many temples and monuments were destroyed as a result:In rebellion against and of, Akhenaten ordered the eradication of all of Egypt's traditional gods. He sent royal officials to chisel out and destroy every reference to Amun and the names of other deities on tombs, temple walls, and cartouches to instill in the people that the was the one true god.Public references to Akhenaten were destroyed soon after his death.Comparing the with the, Jan Assmann writes:For Egypt, the greatest horror was the destruction or abduction of the cult images. In the eyes of the, the erection of images meant the destruction of; in the eyes of the Egyptians, this same effect was attained by the destruction of images.

In Egypt, iconoclasm was the most terrible religious crime; in Israel, the most terrible religious crime was. In this respect Osarseph alias Akhenaten, the iconoclast, and the, the paragon of idolatry, correspond to each other inversely, and it is strange that could so easily avoid the role of the religious criminal. It is more than probable that these traditions evolved under mutual influence. In this respect, and Akhenaten became, after all, closely related. Byzantine era. 9th centuryAlthough only began as Christianity increasingly spread among gentiles after the legalization of Christianity by (c. 312 AD), scattered expressions of were reported (e.g. The Spanish ).

The period after the reign of (527–565) evidently saw a huge increase in the use of images, both in volume and quality, and a gathering aniconic reaction.One notable change within the came in 695, when 's government added a full-face image of Christ on the of imperial gold coins. The change caused the to stop his earlier adoption of Byzantine coin types.

He started a purely Islamic coinage with lettering only. A letter by the Patriarch Germanus written before 726 to two Iconoclast bishops says that 'now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter' but there is little written evidence of the debate.Government-led iconoclasm began with Byzantine Emperor, who issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images between 726 and 730. The religious conflict created political and economic divisions in Byzantine society. It was generally supported by the Eastern, poorer, non-Greek peoples of the Empire who had to deal frequently with raids from the new Muslim Empire. On the other hand, the wealthier Greeks of and the peoples of the Balkan and Italian provinces strongly opposed iconoclasm. Reformation era.

88–89The Ottoman Sultan, who had pragmatic reasons to support the (the rebels, like himself, were fighting against Spain) also completely approved of their act of 'destroying idols', which accorded well with Muslim teachings.A bit later in Dutch history, in 1627 the artist was arrested and tortured, charged with being a religious non-conformist and a,. The 25 January 1628 judgment from five noted advocates of pronounced him guilty of 'blasphemy against God and avowed atheism, at the same time as leading a frightful and pernicious lifestyle. At the court's order his paintings were burned, and only a few of them survive ' Muslim iconoclasm. Further information:In the the act of removing idols from the in has great symbolic and historic importance for all believers.In general, Muslim societies have of living beings (animals and humans) within such sacred spaces as. This opposition to figural representation is based not on the, but on traditions contained within the.

The prohibition of figuration has not always been extended to the secular sphere, and a robust tradition of figural representation exists within.However, Western authors have tended to perceive 'a long, culturally determined, and unchanging tradition of violent iconoclastic acts' within. Early Islam in ArabiaThe first act of Muslim iconoclasm dates to the beginning of Islam, in 630, when the various statues of housed in the in were destroyed.

The Iconoclasts (those who rejected images) objected to icon veneration for several reasons, including the Old Testament prohibition against images in the Ten.

There is a tradition that Muhammad spared a fresco of. This act was intended to bring an end to the which, in the Muslim view, characterized.The destruction of the idols of Mecca did not, however, determine the treatment of other religious communities living under Muslim rule after the expansion of the.

Most Christians under Muslim rule, for example, continued to produce icons and to decorate their churches as they wished. A major exception to this pattern of tolerance in early Islamic history was the 'Edict of Yazīd', issued by the caliph in 722–723.This edict ordered the destruction of crosses and Christian images within the territory of the caliphate. Researchers have discovered evidence that the order was followed, particularly in present-day, where evidence shows the removal of images from the mosaic floors of some, although not all, of the churches that stood at this time. But, Yazīd's iconoclastic policies were not continued by his successors, and Christian communities of the Levant continued to make icons without significant interruption from the sixth century to the ninth. The Sphinx profile in 2010, without the nose, writing in the 15th century, attributes the missing nose on the to iconoclasm by, a Muslim in the mid-1300s. He was reportedly outraged by local Muslims making offerings to the Great Sphinx in the hope of controlling the flood cycle, and he was later executed for vandalism. However, whether this was actually the cause of the missing nose has been debated by historians.

Who performed an archaeological study concluded that it was broken with instruments at an earlier unknown time between the 3rd and 10th centuries. Ottoman conquestsCertain conquering Muslim armies have used local temples or houses of worship as mosques. An example is in (formerly ), which was converted into a mosque in 1453. Most icons were desecrated and the rest were covered with plaster. In the 1920s, Hagia Sophia was converted to a museum, and the restoration of the mosaics was undertaken by the American Byzantine Institute beginning in 1932.Recent events. Further information: andCertain Muslim denominations continue to pursue iconoclastic agendas.

There has been much controversy within Islam over the by authorities, prompted by the fear they could become the subject of '.A recent act of iconoclasm was the 2001 destruction of the giant by the then- government of. The act generated worldwide protests and was not supported by other Muslim governments and organizations. It was widely perceived in the Western media as a result of the Muslim prohibition against figural decoration. Such an account overlooks 'the coexistence between the Buddhas and the Muslim population that marveled at them for over a millennium' before their destruction. The Buddhas had twice in the past been attacked. According to the art historian F.B. Flood, analysis of the Taliban's statements regarding the Buddhas suggest that their destruction was motivated more by political than by theological concerns.

Taliban spokespeople have given many different for the destruction.During the, the radical Islamist militia destroyed various shrines from the 15th and 16th centuries in the city of,. In 2016, the (ICC) sentenced, a former member of Ansar Dine, to nine years in prison for this destruction of cultural world heritage. This was the first time that the ICC convicted a person for such a crime.The short-lived carried out iconoclastic attacks such as the destruction of Shia mosques and shrines. Notable incidents include blowing up the Mosque of the Prophet Yunus and destroying the Shrine to in. Further information:In early medieval India, there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by Indian kings against rival Indian kingdoms, which involved conflicts between devotees of different deities, as well as conflicts between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. In 642, the king looted a Ganesha temple in the capital of. Circa 692, Chalukya armies invaded northern India where they looted temples of Ganga and Yamuna.

In the 8th century, Bengali troops from the Buddhist desecrated temples of Vishnu Vaikuntha, the state deity of 's kingdom in. In the early 9th century, Indian Hindu kings from and the king looted Buddhist temples in. In the early 10th century, the king Herambapala looted an image from a temple in the kingdom of, which in the 10th century was looted by the king Yasovarman.In the early 11th century, the Chola king looted temples in a number of neighbouring kingdoms, including Durga and Ganesha temples in the Chalukya Kingdom; Bhairava, Bhairavi and Kali temples in the kingdom; a Nandi temple in the kingdom; and a Siva temple in Pala. In the mid-11th century, the Chola king plundered a temple in. In the late 11th century, the Hindu king plundered temples as an institutionalised activity. In the late 12th to early 13th centuries, the attacked and plundered temples in. In the 1460s, Suryavamshi Gajapati dynasty founder Kapilendra sacked the Saiva and Vaishnava temples in the delta in the course of wars of conquest in the.

King looted a Balakrishna temple in Udayagiri in 1514, and he looted a Vittala temple in in 1520.Perhaps the most notorious episode of iconoclasm in India was 's attack on the. In 1024, during the reign of, the prominent Turkic Muslim ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga despite pleas by Brahmins not to break it. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars. The attack may have been inspired by the belief that an idol of had been secretly transferred to the temple. According to the Ghaznavid court poet, who claimed to have accompanied Mahmud on his raid, Somnat (as rendered in Persian) was a garbled version of su-manat referring to the goddess Manat.

According to him as well as a later Ghaznavid historian, the images of the other goddesses were destroyed in Arabia but the one of Manat was secretly sent away to (in modern Gujarat) for safe keeping. Since the idol of Manat was an aniconic image of black stone, it could have been easily confused with a at Somnath.

Mahmud is said to have broken the idol and taken away parts of it as loot and placed so that people would walk on it. In his letters to the Caliphate, Mahmud exaggerated the size, wealth and religious significance of the, receiving grandiose titles from the Caliph in return.Historical records compiled by Muslim historian Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai attest to the religious violence during ruler. The first mosque built in Delhi, the ' was built with demolished parts of 20 Hindu and Jain temples. This pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign.During Delhi Sultanate muslim army led by, a general of, pursued two violent campaigns into south India, between 1309 and 1311, against three Hindu kingdoms of Deogiri (Maharashtra), Warangal (Telangana) and Madurai(Tamil Nadu).Many Temples were plundered, was destroyed.In Kashmir, began expanding, and unleashed religious violence that earned him the name but-shikan or idol-breaker.

He earned this sobriquet because of the sheer scale of desecration and destruction of Hindu and Buddhist temples, shrines, ashrams, hermitages and other holy places in what is now known as Kashmir and its neighboring territories. He destroyed vast majority of Hindu and Buddhist temples in his reach in Kashmir region (north and northwest India).The Hindu text Madala Panji and regional tradition state that attacked and damaged thein 1568.Some of the most dramatic cases of iconoclasm by Muslims are found in parts of India where Hindu and Buddhist temples were razed and mosques erected in their place., the 6th, destroyed the famous Hindu temples at and.In modern India, the most high-profile case of iconoclasm was from 1992., led by the and, destroyed the 430-year-old Islamic in. Other examples of religious iconoclasm. According to the, God instructed the to 'destroy all the engraved stones, destroy all the molded images, and demolish all the high places' of the indigenous population as soon as they entered the. In, King purged in and all figures were also destroyed in the, including the, as recorded in the. His reforms were reversed in the reign of his son. In 305–306, the appeared to endorse iconoclasm.

Canon 36 states, 'Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration.' Proscription ceased after the destruction of pagan temples. During under, Christian groups destroyed the images and sculptures expressive of the 's state religion. Many of the of were in the iconoclasm of civil wars before any European encounter. Other instances of iconoclasm may have occurred throughout Eastern Polynesia during its conversion to Christianity in the 19th century.

After the in the late twentieth century, some Roman Catholic parish churches much of their traditional imagery, art, and architecture. According to an article in Buddhist-Christian Studies: 'Over the course of the last decade 1990s a fairly large number of have been destroyed or damaged by fire by Christian fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, and attacked and decapitated in the name of Jesus.

Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night.' Political and revolutionary iconoclasm. Exterior wall reliefs at. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.During the Muslim conquest of Sindh Records from the campaign recorded in the record the destruction of temples during the early eighth century when the governor of, mobilized an expedition of 6000 cavalry under in 712.The historian Upendra Thakur records the persecution of and:Muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering, Brahmanadabad, and one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed. There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated.

At Debal, the Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and converted into mosques. Later destruction of Hindu temples In 725 Junayad, the governor of, sent his armies to destroy the second. In 1024, the temple was again destroyed by, who raided the temple from across the. The wooden structure was replaced by (r. 1143–72), who rebuilt the temple out of stone.Sultan of (1389–1413) ordered the breaking of all 'golden and silver images'. States, 'After the emigration of the, Sikundur ordered all the temples in Kashmeer to be thrown down. Having broken all the images in Kashmeer, (Sikandar) acquired the title of 'Destroyer of Idols'.

Chinese iconoclasm. Further information:There have been in that led to the destruction of and images. One of the most notable of these campaigns was the of the.During and after the, there was widespread destruction of religious and secular images in.During the in in 1926, General led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing Buddhist images, turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters. It was reported that almost all of the in Guangxi were destroyed and the were removed. Bai also led a wave of anti-foreignism in Guangxi, attacking Americans, Europeans, and other foreigners, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province and some were also attacked as imperialist agents. The three goals of the movement were anti-foreignism,.

Bai led the anti-religious movement against., also a Kuomintang member of the, supported Bai's campaign. The anti-religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members.There was extensive destruction of religious and secular imagery in after it was and by China.Many religious and secular images were destroyed during the of 1966-1976, ostensibly because they were a holdover from China's traditional past (which the Communist regime led by reviled). The Cultural Revolution included widespread destruction of historic artworks in public places and private collections, whether religious or secular. Objects in state museums were mostly left intact.Iconoclasm in Eastern Europe.

Demolition of the, 5 December 1931During and after the, widespread destruction of religious and secular imagery took place, as well as the destruction of imagery related to. The Revolution was accompanied by destruction of monuments of past, as well as the destruction of at various locations throughout. According to Christopher Wharton, 'In front of a Moscow cathedral, crowds cheered as the enormous statue of Tsar was bound with ropes and gradually beaten to the ground. After a considerable amount of time, the statue was decapitated and its remaining parts were broken into rubble'.The actively destroyed religious sites, including churches and, in order to discourage religious practice and curb the activities of religious groups.During the and during the, protesters often attacked and took down sculptures and images of, such as the in.

The fall of Communism in 1989-1991 was also followed by the destruction or removal of statues of and other Communist leaders in the and in other countries. Particularly well-known was the destruction of ', the statue of outside the 's headquarters. Another statue of Dzerzhinsky was destroyed in a square that was named after him during, but which is now called.Other examples. Of.Other examples of political destruction of images include:. During the, the pulled down and destroyed the lead statue of on, melting it down to be recast as. Similar acts have accompanied the independence of most ex-colonial territories. Sometimes relatively intact monuments are moved to a collected display in a less prominent place, as in India and also post-Communist countries.

From the 16th through the 19th centuries, many of the polytheistic religious deities and texts of pre-colonial Americas, Oceania and Africa were destroyed by Christian missionaries and their converts, such as during the and the. There have been several cases of removing symbols of past rulers in 's history. Many coats of arms on buildings were defaced during the in 1798–1800; a few of these were subsequently replaced by British coats of arms in the early 19th century.

Some British symbols were also removed by the government after Malta became a republic in 1974. These include being ground off from post boxes, and British coats of arms such as that on the building being temporarily obscured (but not destroyed). With the entry of the to the, the Ottoman Army destroyed the Russian victory monument erected in (the modern quarter of ) to commemorate the Russian victory in the. The demolition was filmed by former army officer, producing - the oldest known Turkish-made film.

In the late 18th century, the sacked ', destroying statues of nobility and symbols of Christianity. In the 19th Century, the place was renovated and many new statues added. In 1911, a marble commemoration for the Spanish freethinker and educator, executed two years earlier and widely considered a martyr, was erected in the Grand Place. The statue depicted a nude man holding the Torch of Enlightenment.

The military, which, disliked the monument and destroyed it in 1915. It was restored in 1926 by the International Free Thought Movement. In 1942 the pro-Nazi took down and melted Clothilde Roch's statue of the 16th-century dissident intellectual, who had been burned at the stake in at the instigation of.

The Vichy authorities disliked the statue, as it was a celebration of freedom of conscience. In 1960, having found the original molds, the municipality of Annemasse had it recast and returned the statue to its previous place. The destroyed two ancient in, in March 2001. The symbolically ended with the, a US military-staged event in April 2003 where a prominent statue of was pulled down. In 2016, paintings from the were burned in student protests as symbols of. In August 2017 a statue of a soldier dedicated to ' was pulled down from its pedestal in front of in by protesters. This followed the events at the in response to growing calls to across the U.S.

In November 2019 of Swedish footballer was vandalized by supporters after he announced he had become part-owner of Swedish rivals. White paint was sprayed on it; threats and hateful messages towards Zlatan were written on the statue, and it was burned. In a second attack the nose was sawed off and the statue was sprinkled with chrome paint. On 5 January 2020 it was finally toppled.See also.Notes.

In this work of propaganda, the top right of the picture depicts men busy pulling down and smashing icons, while power is being handed from the dying King Henry VIII to his far more staunchly Protestant son Edward VI.Iconoclasm is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons. In the, the most significant episode of iconoclasm occurred in Egypt during the, when, based in his new capital of, instituted a significant shift in Egyptian artistic styles alongside a campaign of intolerance towards the traditional gods and a new emphasis on a state tradition, the Sun disk— many temples and monuments were destroyed as a result:In rebellion against and of, Akhenaten ordered the eradication of all of Egypt's traditional gods.

He sent royal officials to chisel out and destroy every reference to Amun and the names of other deities on tombs, temple walls, and cartouches to instill in the people that the was the one true god.Public references to Akhenaten were destroyed soon after his death.Comparing the with the, Jan Assmann writes:For Egypt, the greatest horror was the destruction or abduction of the cult images. In the eyes of the, the erection of images meant the destruction of; in the eyes of the Egyptians, this same effect was attained by the destruction of images. In Egypt, iconoclasm was the most terrible religious crime; in Israel, the most terrible religious crime was. In this respect Osarseph alias Akhenaten, the iconoclast, and the, the paragon of idolatry, correspond to each other inversely, and it is strange that could so easily avoid the role of the religious criminal. It is more than probable that these traditions evolved under mutual influence. In this respect, and Akhenaten became, after all, closely related.

Byzantine era. 9th centuryAlthough only began as Christianity increasingly spread among gentiles after the legalization of Christianity by (c. 312 AD), scattered expressions of were reported (e.g. The Spanish ). The period after the reign of (527–565) evidently saw a huge increase in the use of images, both in volume and quality, and a gathering aniconic reaction.One notable change within the came in 695, when 's government added a full-face image of Christ on the of imperial gold coins.

The change caused the to stop his earlier adoption of Byzantine coin types. He started a purely Islamic coinage with lettering only. A letter by the Patriarch Germanus written before 726 to two Iconoclast bishops says that 'now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter' but there is little written evidence of the debate.Government-led iconoclasm began with Byzantine Emperor, who issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images between 726 and 730. The religious conflict created political and economic divisions in Byzantine society. It was generally supported by the Eastern, poorer, non-Greek peoples of the Empire who had to deal frequently with raids from the new Muslim Empire.

On the other hand, the wealthier Greeks of and the peoples of the Balkan and Italian provinces strongly opposed iconoclasm. Reformation era.

88–89The Ottoman Sultan, who had pragmatic reasons to support the (the rebels, like himself, were fighting against Spain) also completely approved of their act of 'destroying idols', which accorded well with Muslim teachings.A bit later in Dutch history, in 1627 the artist was arrested and tortured, charged with being a religious non-conformist and a,. The 25 January 1628 judgment from five noted advocates of pronounced him guilty of 'blasphemy against God and avowed atheism, at the same time as leading a frightful and pernicious lifestyle. At the court's order his paintings were burned, and only a few of them survive ' Muslim iconoclasm. Further information:In the the act of removing idols from the in has great symbolic and historic importance for all believers.In general, Muslim societies have of living beings (animals and humans) within such sacred spaces as. This opposition to figural representation is based not on the, but on traditions contained within the. The prohibition of figuration has not always been extended to the secular sphere, and a robust tradition of figural representation exists within.However, Western authors have tended to perceive 'a long, culturally determined, and unchanging tradition of violent iconoclastic acts' within. Early Islam in ArabiaThe first act of Muslim iconoclasm dates to the beginning of Islam, in 630, when the various statues of housed in the in were destroyed.

There is a tradition that Muhammad spared a fresco of. This act was intended to bring an end to the which, in the Muslim view, characterized.The destruction of the idols of Mecca did not, however, determine the treatment of other religious communities living under Muslim rule after the expansion of the.

Most Christians under Muslim rule, for example, continued to produce icons and to decorate their churches as they wished. A major exception to this pattern of tolerance in early Islamic history was the 'Edict of Yazīd', issued by the caliph in 722–723.This edict ordered the destruction of crosses and Christian images within the territory of the caliphate. Researchers have discovered evidence that the order was followed, particularly in present-day, where evidence shows the removal of images from the mosaic floors of some, although not all, of the churches that stood at this time. But, Yazīd's iconoclastic policies were not continued by his successors, and Christian communities of the Levant continued to make icons without significant interruption from the sixth century to the ninth.

The Sphinx profile in 2010, without the nose, writing in the 15th century, attributes the missing nose on the to iconoclasm by, a Muslim in the mid-1300s. He was reportedly outraged by local Muslims making offerings to the Great Sphinx in the hope of controlling the flood cycle, and he was later executed for vandalism. However, whether this was actually the cause of the missing nose has been debated by historians. Who performed an archaeological study concluded that it was broken with instruments at an earlier unknown time between the 3rd and 10th centuries. Ottoman conquestsCertain conquering Muslim armies have used local temples or houses of worship as mosques.

An example is in (formerly ), which was converted into a mosque in 1453. Most icons were desecrated and the rest were covered with plaster. In the 1920s, Hagia Sophia was converted to a museum, and the restoration of the mosaics was undertaken by the American Byzantine Institute beginning in 1932.Recent events. Further information: andCertain Muslim denominations continue to pursue iconoclastic agendas. There has been much controversy within Islam over the by authorities, prompted by the fear they could become the subject of '.A recent act of iconoclasm was the 2001 destruction of the giant by the then- government of. The act generated worldwide protests and was not supported by other Muslim governments and organizations. It was widely perceived in the Western media as a result of the Muslim prohibition against figural decoration.

Such an account overlooks 'the coexistence between the Buddhas and the Muslim population that marveled at them for over a millennium' before their destruction. The Buddhas had twice in the past been attacked. According to the art historian F.B.

Flood, analysis of the Taliban's statements regarding the Buddhas suggest that their destruction was motivated more by political than by theological concerns. Taliban spokespeople have given many different for the destruction.During the, the radical Islamist militia destroyed various shrines from the 15th and 16th centuries in the city of,. In 2016, the (ICC) sentenced, a former member of Ansar Dine, to nine years in prison for this destruction of cultural world heritage. This was the first time that the ICC convicted a person for such a crime.The short-lived carried out iconoclastic attacks such as the destruction of Shia mosques and shrines. Notable incidents include blowing up the Mosque of the Prophet Yunus and destroying the Shrine to in. Further information:In early medieval India, there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by Indian kings against rival Indian kingdoms, which involved conflicts between devotees of different deities, as well as conflicts between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. In 642, the king looted a Ganesha temple in the capital of.

Circa 692, Chalukya armies invaded northern India where they looted temples of Ganga and Yamuna. In the 8th century, Bengali troops from the Buddhist desecrated temples of Vishnu Vaikuntha, the state deity of 's kingdom in. In the early 9th century, Indian Hindu kings from and the king looted Buddhist temples in. In the early 10th century, the king Herambapala looted an image from a temple in the kingdom of, which in the 10th century was looted by the king Yasovarman.In the early 11th century, the Chola king looted temples in a number of neighbouring kingdoms, including Durga and Ganesha temples in the Chalukya Kingdom; Bhairava, Bhairavi and Kali temples in the kingdom; a Nandi temple in the kingdom; and a Siva temple in Pala.

In the mid-11th century, the Chola king plundered a temple in. In the late 11th century, the Hindu king plundered temples as an institutionalised activity. In the late 12th to early 13th centuries, the attacked and plundered temples in. In the 1460s, Suryavamshi Gajapati dynasty founder Kapilendra sacked the Saiva and Vaishnava temples in the delta in the course of wars of conquest in the. King looted a Balakrishna temple in Udayagiri in 1514, and he looted a Vittala temple in in 1520.Perhaps the most notorious episode of iconoclasm in India was 's attack on the. In 1024, during the reign of, the prominent Turkic Muslim ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga despite pleas by Brahmins not to break it. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars.

The attack may have been inspired by the belief that an idol of had been secretly transferred to the temple. According to the Ghaznavid court poet, who claimed to have accompanied Mahmud on his raid, Somnat (as rendered in Persian) was a garbled version of su-manat referring to the goddess Manat.

According to him as well as a later Ghaznavid historian, the images of the other goddesses were destroyed in Arabia but the one of Manat was secretly sent away to (in modern Gujarat) for safe keeping. Since the idol of Manat was an aniconic image of black stone, it could have been easily confused with a at Somnath. Mahmud is said to have broken the idol and taken away parts of it as loot and placed so that people would walk on it. In his letters to the Caliphate, Mahmud exaggerated the size, wealth and religious significance of the, receiving grandiose titles from the Caliph in return.Historical records compiled by Muslim historian Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai attest to the religious violence during ruler. The first mosque built in Delhi, the ' was built with demolished parts of 20 Hindu and Jain temples. This pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign.During Delhi Sultanate muslim army led by, a general of, pursued two violent campaigns into south India, between 1309 and 1311, against three Hindu kingdoms of Deogiri (Maharashtra), Warangal (Telangana) and Madurai(Tamil Nadu).Many Temples were plundered, was destroyed.In Kashmir, began expanding, and unleashed religious violence that earned him the name but-shikan or idol-breaker.

He earned this sobriquet because of the sheer scale of desecration and destruction of Hindu and Buddhist temples, shrines, ashrams, hermitages and other holy places in what is now known as Kashmir and its neighboring territories. He destroyed vast majority of Hindu and Buddhist temples in his reach in Kashmir region (north and northwest India).The Hindu text Madala Panji and regional tradition state that attacked and damaged thein 1568.Some of the most dramatic cases of iconoclasm by Muslims are found in parts of India where Hindu and Buddhist temples were razed and mosques erected in their place., the 6th, destroyed the famous Hindu temples at and.In modern India, the most high-profile case of iconoclasm was from 1992., led by the and, destroyed the 430-year-old Islamic in. Other examples of religious iconoclasm. According to the, God instructed the to 'destroy all the engraved stones, destroy all the molded images, and demolish all the high places' of the indigenous population as soon as they entered the. In, King purged in and all figures were also destroyed in the, including the, as recorded in the. His reforms were reversed in the reign of his son.

In 305–306, the appeared to endorse iconoclasm. Canon 36 states, 'Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration.' Proscription ceased after the destruction of pagan temples.

You can download it from. Step 2: Extract or Unzip Add-onsAdd-ons come delivered in a zipped file. Some sites are dedicated by game and others cover a multitude of games. The elder scrolls online mods. There are some programs out there that can control the add-ons for you (such as the ). Adding them to the game is very easy, as you will see below.Be sure to check out our while you are here.Step 1: Download Add-onsThere are lots of sites dedicated to add-ons.

During under, Christian groups destroyed the images and sculptures expressive of the 's state religion. Many of the of were in the iconoclasm of civil wars before any European encounter. Other instances of iconoclasm may have occurred throughout Eastern Polynesia during its conversion to Christianity in the 19th century. After the in the late twentieth century, some Roman Catholic parish churches much of their traditional imagery, art, and architecture. According to an article in Buddhist-Christian Studies: 'Over the course of the last decade 1990s a fairly large number of have been destroyed or damaged by fire by Christian fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, and attacked and decapitated in the name of Jesus. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night.'

Political and revolutionary iconoclasm. Exterior wall reliefs at. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.During the Muslim conquest of Sindh Records from the campaign recorded in the record the destruction of temples during the early eighth century when the governor of, mobilized an expedition of 6000 cavalry under in 712.The historian Upendra Thakur records the persecution of and:Muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering, Brahmanadabad, and one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed. There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated. At Debal, the Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and converted into mosques. Later destruction of Hindu temples In 725 Junayad, the governor of, sent his armies to destroy the second.

In 1024, the temple was again destroyed by, who raided the temple from across the. The wooden structure was replaced by (r.

1143–72), who rebuilt the temple out of stone.Sultan of (1389–1413) ordered the breaking of all 'golden and silver images'. States, 'After the emigration of the, Sikundur ordered all the temples in Kashmeer to be thrown down. Having broken all the images in Kashmeer, (Sikandar) acquired the title of 'Destroyer of Idols'. Chinese iconoclasm. Further information:There have been in that led to the destruction of and images. One of the most notable of these campaigns was the of the.During and after the, there was widespread destruction of religious and secular images in.During the in in 1926, General led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing Buddhist images, turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters.

It was reported that almost all of the in Guangxi were destroyed and the were removed. Bai also led a wave of anti-foreignism in Guangxi, attacking Americans, Europeans, and other foreigners, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province and some were also attacked as imperialist agents. The three goals of the movement were anti-foreignism,. Bai led the anti-religious movement against., also a Kuomintang member of the, supported Bai's campaign. The anti-religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members.There was extensive destruction of religious and secular imagery in after it was and by China.Many religious and secular images were destroyed during the of 1966-1976, ostensibly because they were a holdover from China's traditional past (which the Communist regime led by reviled). The Cultural Revolution included widespread destruction of historic artworks in public places and private collections, whether religious or secular.

Objects in state museums were mostly left intact.Iconoclasm in Eastern Europe. Theme park incidents. Demolition of the, 5 December 1931During and after the, widespread destruction of religious and secular imagery took place, as well as the destruction of imagery related to. The Revolution was accompanied by destruction of monuments of past, as well as the destruction of at various locations throughout. According to Christopher Wharton, 'In front of a Moscow cathedral, crowds cheered as the enormous statue of Tsar was bound with ropes and gradually beaten to the ground. After a considerable amount of time, the statue was decapitated and its remaining parts were broken into rubble'.The actively destroyed religious sites, including churches and, in order to discourage religious practice and curb the activities of religious groups.During the and during the, protesters often attacked and took down sculptures and images of, such as the in. The fall of Communism in 1989-1991 was also followed by the destruction or removal of statues of and other Communist leaders in the and in other countries. Particularly well-known was the destruction of ', the statue of outside the 's headquarters.

Another statue of Dzerzhinsky was destroyed in a square that was named after him during, but which is now called.Other examples. Of.Other examples of political destruction of images include:. During the, the pulled down and destroyed the lead statue of on, melting it down to be recast as. Similar acts have accompanied the independence of most ex-colonial territories. Sometimes relatively intact monuments are moved to a collected display in a less prominent place, as in India and also post-Communist countries. From the 16th through the 19th centuries, many of the polytheistic religious deities and texts of pre-colonial Americas, Oceania and Africa were destroyed by Christian missionaries and their converts, such as during the and the. There have been several cases of removing symbols of past rulers in 's history.

Many coats of arms on buildings were defaced during the in 1798–1800; a few of these were subsequently replaced by British coats of arms in the early 19th century. Some British symbols were also removed by the government after Malta became a republic in 1974. These include being ground off from post boxes, and British coats of arms such as that on the building being temporarily obscured (but not destroyed). With the entry of the to the, the Ottoman Army destroyed the Russian victory monument erected in (the modern quarter of ) to commemorate the Russian victory in the.

The demolition was filmed by former army officer, producing - the oldest known Turkish-made film. In the late 18th century, the sacked ', destroying statues of nobility and symbols of Christianity.

In the 19th Century, the place was renovated and many new statues added. In 1911, a marble commemoration for the Spanish freethinker and educator, executed two years earlier and widely considered a martyr, was erected in the Grand Place. The statue depicted a nude man holding the Torch of Enlightenment. The military, which, disliked the monument and destroyed it in 1915. It was restored in 1926 by the International Free Thought Movement.

In 1942 the pro-Nazi took down and melted Clothilde Roch's statue of the 16th-century dissident intellectual, who had been burned at the stake in at the instigation of. The Vichy authorities disliked the statue, as it was a celebration of freedom of conscience. In 1960, having found the original molds, the municipality of Annemasse had it recast and returned the statue to its previous place.

The destroyed two ancient in, in March 2001. The symbolically ended with the, a US military-staged event in April 2003 where a prominent statue of was pulled down. In 2016, paintings from the were burned in student protests as symbols of. In August 2017 a statue of a soldier dedicated to ' was pulled down from its pedestal in front of in by protesters. This followed the events at the in response to growing calls to across the U.S.

In November 2019 of Swedish footballer was vandalized by supporters after he announced he had become part-owner of Swedish rivals. White paint was sprayed on it; threats and hateful messages towards Zlatan were written on the statue, and it was burned. In a second attack the nose was sawed off and the statue was sprinkled with chrome paint. On 5 January 2020 it was finally toppled.See also.Notes.