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The West, western U.S., mostly west of the Great Plains and including, by federal-government definition, Oregon,. Virtually every part of the except the has been “the West” at some point in American history, linked in popular imagination with the last frontier of American settlement. But especially it is that vast stretch of, mountains, and desert west of the Mississippi that has loomed so large in American folklore, a region of cowboys, Indians, covered wagons, outlaws, prospectors, and a whole society operating just outside the law.As with other sections of the United States, regional boundaries are somewhat imprecise. The West of the and the cattle drive covered many non-Western states, including Kansas and Nebraska. Much of the West’s fiercest fighting took place in the Dakotas, both of which are now considered to be part of the.

Alaska and Hawaii, geographically the most western of all the states, are really no part of the popularly conceived West at all.Furthermore, though the West was the last region of the United States to be settled and developed, its modern history predates that of the British colonies on the eastern seaboard. The Spaniards reached the in 1540, what is presently Kansas in 1541, and in 1542. Was founded in 1610, only three years after the British founding of Jamestown. Extensive settlement, however, was still hundreds of years away.Much of the West became part of the United States through the of 1803; the, however, was a Mexican possession until 1848. The of 1804–06 established much of what would become the and thereby settlement of the, an area soon known for its richness in furs, timber, and salmon.

The, fleeing from harassment in Midwestern states, reached Utah in 1847, built, and began a vigorous colonization of all parts of the Rocky Mountain West. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 brought a burst of migration to the West Coast and led to California’s admission to the Union in 1850, barely two years after it had been ceded from. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.The rest of the West, however, remained sparsely populated. For many decades, most Americans knew of the simply as the Great American Desert, an inhospitable area of poor soil, little water, hostile Indians, and general inaccessibility. But the years following the changed that. In 1862 the was passed by Congress; in 1869 the first transcontinental railroad was completed; and in 1873 barbed-wire fencing was introduced.

Coupled with improvements in and irrigation and the confinement of American Indians (after much brutal and costly warfare) to reservations, the Great American Desert grew steadily in population.In the 20th century the rapid growth of the West continued. In every census decade but one from 1850 to 1960, the West’s population growth rate was more than twice the national average, although the rate diminished thereafter. While the several Mountain states account for only a small percentage of the nation’s manufacturing, the preponderance of the industrial strength in the West lies in the few Pacific states, which have shown a dramatic increase in the number of manufacturing establishments (1940 to the late 1970s) and nearly doubled the West’s percentage of the national value added by manufacture. No longer merely a land of “wide, open spaces,” cattle, mines, and mountains, the West has become famous for other things: for example, the motion-picture industry in southern California, gambling in Nevada, aerospace production in Washington and California, environmental protection in Oregon, and retirement in Arizona. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Managing Editor, Reference Content.

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